Dangerous Operation of a Conveyance (Offence): Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
(97 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Currency2|January|2021}} | |||
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}} | {{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}} | ||
[[Fr:Conduite dangereuse d'un moyen de transport (infraction)]] | |||
{{OffenceBox |OffenceTitle=Dangerous Operation of a Motor Vehicle |OffencePage=Dangerous Operation of a Motor Vehicle |Section=320.13(1), (2) and (3)|Act={{OBCCC}} |CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} (death)<br>{{OBHybridElection}} (other than death) |Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} |Bail={{OBBailVar}} |SummaryDisp= {{OBDispMinand10or14orLifeVar}} |SummaryMin= {{OBMinFineJail}} |SummaryMax= {{OBTwoYLess}} |IndictableDisp= {{OBDispMinand10or14orLifeVar}} |IndictableMin= {{OBMinFineJail}} |IndictableMax= {{OBTime|10, 14 years}} or {{OBMaxLife}}}} | {{OffenceBox | ||
|OffenceTitle=Dangerous Operation of a Motor Vehicle | |||
|OffencePage=Dangerous Operation of a Motor Vehicle | |||
|Section=320.13(1), (2) and (3) | |||
|Act={{OBCCC}} | |||
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} (death)<br>{{OBHybridElection}} (other than death) | |||
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} | |||
|Bail={{OBBailVar}} | |||
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispMinand10or14orLifeVar}} | |||
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinFineJail}} | |||
|SummaryMax= {{OBTwoYLess}} | |||
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDispMinand10or14orLifeVar}} | |||
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinFineJail}} | |||
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|10, 14 years}} or {{OBMaxLife}}}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
{{seealso|Conveyance Offences}} | |||
{{OverviewVIII.1|dangerous operation of a motor vehicle}} | {{OverviewVIII.1|dangerous operation of a motor vehicle}} | ||
; Pleadings | ; Pleadings | ||
{{PleadingsHeader}} | {{PleadingsHeader-N}} | ||
{{PleadingsHybridList|s. 320.13(1) | {{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 320.13(1) {{DescrSec|320.13(1)}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }} | ||
{{PleadingsHybridList|s. 320.13(2) | {{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 320.13(2) {{DescrSec|320.13(2)}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{Yes-14Years}} }} | ||
{{PleadingsIndictableList|s. 320.13(3) | {{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 320.13(3) {{DescrSec|320.13(3)}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }} | ||
{{PleadingsEnd}} | {{PleadingsEnd}} | ||
{{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 320.13(1) or (2) | {{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 320.13(1) {{DescrSec|320.13(1)}} or (2) {{DescrSec|320.13(2)}} }} | ||
{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 320.13(3) | {{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 320.13(3) {{DescrSec|320.13(3)}} }} | ||
; Release | ; Release | ||
{{ReleaseHeader}} | {{ReleaseHeader}} | ||
|s. 320.13(1) || {{ | |s. 320.13(1) {{DescrSec|320.13(1)}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|s. 320.13(2) or (3) | |s. 320.13(2) {{DescrSec|320.13(2)}} or (3) {{DescrSec|320.13(3)}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{ReleaseEnd}} | {{ReleaseEnd}} | ||
{{ | {{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 320.13(1)}} | ||
{{ | {{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 320.13(2) or (3)}} | ||
:''Reverse Onus Bail'' | :''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>'' | ||
{{ReverseOnusCirc}} | {{ReverseOnusCirc}} | ||
:'' | :''Fingerprints and Photos'' | ||
{{IDCriminalAct|s. | {{IDCriminalAct|s. 320.13}} | ||
; Publication Bans | ; Publication Bans | ||
Line 41: | Line 56: | ||
{{DesignationHeader}} | {{DesignationHeader}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|s. 320.13(1) || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} (Indictment) <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> | |s. 320.13(1) || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} (Indictment) <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|s. 320.13(2) or (3) || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> | |s. 320.13(2) or (3) || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}} | ||
{{DesignationEnd}} | {{DesignationEnd}} | ||
Line 49: | Line 64: | ||
{{SeeBelowForAncillary}} | {{SeeBelowForAncillary}} | ||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
==Offence Wording== | ==Offence Wording== | ||
{{ | {{quotation3| | ||
; Dangerous operation | ; Dangerous operation | ||
(1) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public. | 320.13 (1) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
; Operation causing bodily harm | ; Operation causing bodily harm | ||
Line 63: | Line 79: | ||
(3) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public and, as a result, causes the death of another person. | (3) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public and, as a result, causes the death of another person. | ||
2018, c. 21, s. 15 | {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 15 | ||
| | |{{CCCSec2|320.13}} | ||
|{{NoteUp|320.13|1|2|3}} | |||
|{{terms- | |||
|"conveyance" (s. 320.11) | |||
}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{ | {{quotation2| | ||
; Punishment | ; Punishment | ||
320.19 | 320.19<Br> | ||
{{removed|(1), (2), (3) and (4)}} | |||
; Punishment — dangerous operation and other offences | ; Punishment — dangerous operation and other offences | ||
(5) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(1) | (5) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(1) {{AnnSec3|320.13(1)A}} or 320.16(1) {{AnnSec3|320.16(1)}}, section 320.17 {{AnnSec3|320.17}} or subsection 320.18(1) {{AnnSec3|320.18(1)}} is liable | ||
:(a) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or | :(a) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or | ||
:(b) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day. | :(b) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day. | ||
2018, c. 21, s. 15. | {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 15. | ||
| | |{{CCCSec2|320.19}} | ||
|{{NoteUp|320.19|5}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{ | {{quotation2| | ||
; Punishment in case of bodily harm | ; Punishment in case of bodily harm | ||
320.2 Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(2) | 320.2 Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(2) {{AnnSec3|320.13(2)A}}, 320.14(2) {{AnnSec3|320.14(2)}}, 320.15(2) {{AnnSec3|320.15(2)}} or 320.16(2) {{AnnSec3|320.16(2)}} is liable on conviction on indictment or on summary conviction | ||
:(a) to the following minimum punishment, namely, | :(a) to the following minimum punishment, namely, | ||
::(i) for a first offence, a fine of $1,000, | ::(i) for a first offence, a fine of $1,000, | ||
Line 89: | Line 111: | ||
:(c) if the offence is punishable on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day. | :(c) if the offence is punishable on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day. | ||
2018, c. 21, s. 15. | {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 15. | ||
| | |{{CCCSec2|320.2}} | ||
|{{NoteUp|320.2}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{ | {{quotation2| | ||
; Punishment in case of death | ; Punishment in case of death | ||
320.21 Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(3) | 320.21 Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(3) {{AnnSec3|320.13(3)A}}, 320.14(3) {{AnnSec3|320.14(3)}}, 320.15(3) {{AnnSec3|320.15(3)}} or 320.16(3) {{AnnSec3|320.16(3)}} is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of, | ||
:(a) for a first offence, a fine of $1,000; | :(a) for a first offence, a fine of $1,000; | ||
:(b) for a second offence, imprisonment for a term of 30 days; and | :(b) for a second offence, imprisonment for a term of 30 days; and | ||
:(c) for each subsequent offence, imprisonment for a term of 120 days. | :(c) for each subsequent offence, imprisonment for a term of 120 days. | ||
2018, c. 21, s. 15. | {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 15. | ||
| | |{{CCCSec2|320.21}} | ||
|{{NoteUp|320.21}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
===Draft Form of Charges=== | |||
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}} | |||
{{DraftHeader}} | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section 320.19(5) of the ''Criminal Code''. | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section 320.2 of the ''Criminal Code''. | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section 320.21 of the ''Criminal Code''. | |||
{{DraftEnd}} | |||
==Proof of the Offence== | ==Proof of the Offence== | ||
Line 135: | Line 176: | ||
Proving the operation of the vehicle where there are no first-hand observers of the accused driving, can be determined through inference by the officer touching the hood of the car to detect recent operation of the vehicle and observing the accused in the vicinity. | Proving the operation of the vehicle where there are no first-hand observers of the accused driving, can be determined through inference by the officer touching the hood of the car to detect recent operation of the vehicle and observing the accused in the vicinity. | ||
This is an objective fault offence.<ref> | |||
{{CanLIIR|Heth-Klems|jxlsn|2023 BCCA 246 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Fitch JA}}{{AtL|jxlsn|25}} | |||
</ref> | |||
; Purpose | |||
The purpose of criminalizing dangerous driving is to "capture any circumstances that enhance the dangerousness to the public of the manner of driving."<Ref> | |||
{{CanLIIRx|Bradley|j5xsp|2020 ONCA 206 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|j5xsp|7}} ("Section 249(1) uses the term “including” to make clear that the expressed illustrations are not exhaustive. Both the natural meaning of the phrase, “a manner that is dangerous to the public”, and the purpose of the provision of criminalizing dangerous driving, capture any circumstances that enhance the dangerousness to the public of the manner of driving") | |||
</ref> | |||
; Definitions | |||
[[Criminal Code and Related Definitions|Section 2]] defines "motor vehicle", "bodily harm", and "railway equipment". [[Criminal Code and Related Definitions|Section 214]] defines "aircraft", "vessel", and "operates". | [[Criminal Code and Related Definitions|Section 2]] defines "motor vehicle", "bodily harm", and "railway equipment". [[Criminal Code and Related Definitions|Section 214]] defines "aircraft", "vessel", and "operates". | ||
; Constitutionality | ; Constitutionality | ||
The offence under s. 320.13(1) does not violate s. 7 of the Charter for vagueness.<ref> | The offence under s. 320.13(1) does not violate s. 7 of the Charter for vagueness.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Demeyer|2dk1w|1986 ABCA 104 (CanLII)|27 CCC (3d) 575}}{{perABCA|Laycraft CJ}} - applying to s. 249(1)(a) | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Line 145: | Line 196: | ||
===Actus Reus=== | ===Actus Reus=== | ||
Actus reus of the offence: | Actus reus of the offence: | ||
:The trier of fact must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that, viewed objectively, the accused was, in the words of the section, driving in a manner that was "dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated and the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place."<ref> | :The trier of fact must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that, viewed objectively, the accused was, in the words of the section, driving in a manner that was "dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated and the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place."<ref> | ||
see also | {{CanLIIRP|Beatty|1vrp5|2008 SCC 5 (CanLII)|[2008] 1 SCR 49}}{{perSCC|Charron J}}{{atsL|1vrp5|43|, 46}} and {{atsL-np|1vrp5|49|}}<br> | ||
see also {{CanLIIRP|Settle|2cs24|2010 BCCA 426 (CanLII)|261 CCC (3d) 45}}{{perBCCA|D Smith JA and Bennet JA}}{{atsL|2cs24|39| to 41}} for history of law pre-Beatty</ref> | |||
There must be a "marked departure" from the standard of a reasonable person<ref> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|MacGillivray|1frlv|1995 CanLII 139 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 890}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
The focus of analysis is upon the "risks created by the accused’s manner of driving, not the consequences" | The focus of analysis is upon the "risks created by the accused’s manner of driving, not the consequences."<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Roy|frjlk|2012 SCC 26 (CanLII)|[2012] 2 SCR 60}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atL|frjlk|34}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
The judge must make "meaningful inquiry into the manner of driving" | The judge must make "meaningful inquiry into the manner of driving."<ref> | ||
{{ibid1|Roy}}{{ | {{ibid1|Roy}}{{atL|frjlk|34}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
This could include such considerations as: | This could include such considerations as: | ||
<ref> | <ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Zaba|gpcxh|2016 ONCA 167 (CanLII)|336 CCC (3d) 91}}{{perONCA|Huscroft JA}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
* the traffic conditions at the time; | * the traffic conditions at the time; | ||
Line 178: | Line 231: | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
===Factors=== | ===Factors=== | ||
Personal attributes such as age, experience driving and education are generally not relevant.<ref> | Personal attributes such as age, experience driving and education are generally not relevant.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Beatty|1vrp5|2008 SCC 5 (CanLII)|[2008] 1 SCR 49}}{{perSCC|Charron J}}</ref> | |||
However, they may be relevant where the accused's personal attributes go to the accused's ability to appreciate or avoid risk.<ref> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Roy|frjlk|2012 SCC 26 (CanLII)|[2012] 2 SCR 60}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Falling asleep at wheel is not necessarily a criminal offence.<ref> | Falling asleep at wheel is not necessarily a criminal offence.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRx|Chan|272ff|2009 ONCJ 598 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Hogan J}}</ref> | |||
In fact, what the vehicle does after the accused falls asleep cannot be attributed as part of the dangerous driving but rather only as a consequence to the initial conscious driving.<ref>e.g. | In fact, what the vehicle does after the accused falls asleep cannot be attributed as part of the dangerous driving but rather only as a consequence to the initial conscious driving.<ref>e.g. {{CanLIIRP|Jiang|1rcfc|2007 BCCA 270 (CanLII)|220 CCC (3d) 55}}{{perBCCA|Smith JA}}</ref> | ||
Depending on the circumstances, speed alone can amount to a "marked departure" from the standard of care of a reasonable person.<ref> | Depending on the circumstances, speed alone can amount to a "marked departure" from the standard of care of a reasonable person.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRx|BJC|211xx|2008 ABCA 331 (CanLII)}}{{perABCA|Ritter JA}}<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Richards|7557|2003 CanLII 48437 (ON CA)|174 CCC (3d) 154}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Line 196: | Line 251: | ||
; Sleeping Driver | ; Sleeping Driver | ||
A driver who is sleeping "is not driving of his or her own volition and acts committed while in that automatic state of mind cannot form the ''actus reus'' of dangerous driving" | A driver who is sleeping "is not driving of his or her own volition and acts committed while in that automatic state of mind cannot form the ''actus reus'' of dangerous driving."<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Jiang|1rcfc|2007 BCCA 270 (CanLII)|220 CCC (3d) 55}}{{perBCCA|Smith JA}}{{atL|1rcfc|17}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
If the sleeping driver was consciously "embarking on driving or in continuing to drive in the face of a real risk of falling asleep" then the offence can be made out.<ref> | If the sleeping driver was consciously "embarking on driving or in continuing to drive in the face of a real risk of falling asleep" then the offence can be made out.<ref> | ||
Jiang</ref> There must still be a marked departure from the standard of a reasonable person.<ref> | Jiang</ref> | ||
There must still be a marked departure from the standard of a reasonable person.<ref> | |||
{{CanLIIRx|Roberts|22g1w|2009 BCSC 146 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Meiklem J}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
; Evidence of Alcohol Consumption | ; Evidence of Alcohol Consumption | ||
The Court may consider evidence of consumption of alcohol even where the accused was acquitted for impaired driving.<ref> | The Court may consider evidence of consumption of alcohol even where the accused was acquitted for impaired driving.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Settle|2cs24|2010 BCCA 426 (CanLII)|261 CCC (3d) 45}}{{perBCCA|D Smith JA and Bennett JA}} - denies claim of issue estoppel | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Line 221: | Line 277: | ||
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}} | {{3rdPTestimonyAids}} | ||
; On Finding of Guilt | ; On Finding of Guilt | ||
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> | |||
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || || | |||
|- | |||
{{VictimEnd}} | |||
{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 259(3) and (4)}} | {{606NoticeSPIO|s. 259(3) and (4)}} | ||
Line 235: | Line 296: | ||
; Maximum Penalties | ; Maximum Penalties | ||
{{SProfileMaxHeader}} | {{SProfileMaxHeader}} | ||
{{SProfileMax|s. | {{SProfileMax|s. 320.13(1) {{DescrSec|320.13(1)}} | {{Summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }} | ||
{{SProfileMax|s. | {{SProfileMax|s. 320.13(1) {{DescrSec|320.13(1)}}| {{Indictable}} | {{Max5Years}} }} | ||
{{ | {{SProfileMax|s. 320.13(2) {{DescrSec|320.13(2)}} | {{NA}} | {{Max14Years}} }} | ||
{{SProfileMax|s. | {{SProfileMax|s. 320.13(3) {{DescrSec|320.13(3)}}| {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }} | ||
{{SProfileMax|s. | |||
{{SProfileEnd}} | {{SProfileEnd}} | ||
{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. | {{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 320.13(1)| '''{{Max5Years}}'''|'''{{summaryconviction}}''' }} | ||
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. | {{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 320.13(2) or (3) |'''{{Max14Years}}''' under s. 320.13(2) or '''{{MaxLife}}''' under s. 320.13(3)}} | ||
; Minimum Penalties | ; Minimum Penalties | ||
Line 251: | Line 311: | ||
; Available Dispositions | ; Available Dispositions | ||
{{SProfileAvailHeader}} | {{SProfileAvailHeader}} | ||
|s. | |s. 320.13(1) || any || {{SProfileAll}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|s. | |s. 320.13(2) or (3) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{SProfileEnd}} | {{SProfileEnd}} | ||
{{AllDispositionsAvailable1| s. | {{AllDispositionsAvailable1| s. 320.13(1) }} | ||
{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. | {{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 320.13(2) or 320.13(3)}} | ||
{{NoCSOAvailable|C|s. | {{NoCSOAvailable|C|s. 320.13(2) or 320.13(3)}} | ||
; Consecutive Sentences | ; Consecutive Sentences | ||
Line 270: | Line 328: | ||
===Principles=== | ===Principles=== | ||
The Court’s primary emphasis is placed on general deterrence.<ref> | The Court’s primary emphasis is placed on general deterrence.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Fox|5rjr|2001 ABCA 64 (CanLII)|277 AR 298}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|5rjr|27}} ("We agree that denunciation and deterrence are principal objectives in a case of this nature. However, the rehabilitation of the offender must also be considered.")<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Hindes|5rr5|2000 ABCA 197 (CanLII)|225 WAC 108}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|5rr5|43}} (In reference to the law as it was then relating to conditional sentences: "While the offence is one which calls for deterrence and denunciation we do not exclude the consideration of a conditional sentence.")<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Reynolds|gn91w|2016 SKQB 21 (CanLII)|94 MVR (6th) 195}}{{perSKQB|Acton J}}{{atL|gn91w|24}} ("Members of the public must be deterred from driving dangerously, particularly in less than ideal conditions, which put other members of the public at danger of injury or death, even though they may be driving in a defensive and completely appropriate manner")<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Grenke|fqrw0|2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII)|537 AR 287}}{{perABQB|Germain J}}{{atL|fqrw0|22}} ("Repeatedly our Canadian courts including our Alberta Court of Appeal have emphasized that the crafting of a fit sentence for this type of motor vehicle offence [of dangerous driving causing bodily harm] must focus on denunciation and deterrence") | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
When an offender has a history of improper driving, specific deterrence will be emphasized.<ref> | When an offender has a history of improper driving, specific deterrence will be emphasized.<ref> | ||
see | see {{CanLIIRP|Squires|2f0xp|1995 CanLII 9848 (NL CA)|[1995] NJ No 157 (CA)}}{{perNLCA|Gushue JA}}<br> | ||
{{CanLIIR-N|Strickland|, [1997] NJ No 398 (S.C.) }}</ref> | |||
The Dangerous Operation offences are classified as more serious than impair driving and less than criminal negligence.<ref> | The Dangerous Operation offences are classified as more serious than impair driving and less than criminal negligence.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Woodward|fsxr7|1993 CanLII 8183 (NL CA)|109 Nfld & PEIR 240 (NLCA)}}{{perNLCA|Steele JA}} at 30</ref> | |||
The sentence must be proportionate to the nature of the harm inflicted. <ref> | The sentence must be proportionate to the nature of the harm inflicted. <ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Rhyason|1r1sk|2007 ABCA 119 (CanLII)|[2007] AJ No 372 (CA)}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|1r1sk|29}} ("[Proportionality] is the fundamental sentencing factor: [citation omitted]. A sentence is to reflect the gravity of the offence and the degree of responsibility of the respondent.")<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Christink|fqfdh|2012 ONCA 141 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 989 (CA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|fqfdh|5}}</ref> | |||
There must be an emphasis on denunciation and general deterrence, particularly where the consequences are devastating, in order to make clear that these are "true crimes" rather than mere accidents. <ref> | There must be an emphasis on denunciation and general deterrence, particularly where the consequences are devastating, in order to make clear that these are "true crimes" rather than mere accidents. <ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Biancofiore|6hjk|1997 CanLII 3420 (ON CA)|119 CCC (3d) 344}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}} ("condemnation of these types of offences must be clear and, where the offence has devastating consequences, it must be loud...")</ref> | |||
In | In {{CanLIIRP|Grenke|fqrw0|2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII)|[2012] AJ No 323 (QB)}}{{perABQB|Germain J}}, a number of principles have been set out: | ||
#while jail sentences of less than two years exist, appeals taken from these sentences often result in the sentence being increased to a three to four-year range; | #while jail sentences of less than two years exist, appeals taken from these sentences often result in the sentence being increased to a three to four-year range; | ||
#lower or lighter sentences are handed out for dangerous driving causing death or bodily harm where there is any involvement of alcohol or drugs, and the driving pattern is at the lower end of riskiness; | #lower or lighter sentences are handed out for dangerous driving causing death or bodily harm where there is any involvement of alcohol or drugs, and the driving pattern is at the lower end of riskiness; | ||
Line 299: | Line 360: | ||
===Causing Bodily Harm or Death=== | ===Causing Bodily Harm or Death=== | ||
Where bodily harm is involved, it is among the more serious of motor vehicle offences as it places the public, including completely innocent bystanders at risk of harm.<ref> | Where bodily harm is involved, it is among the more serious of motor vehicle offences as it places the public, including completely innocent bystanders at risk of harm.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIR-N|McMertry|, (1987), 21 OAC 68}}{{at-|11}}<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Rawn|frzp0|2012 ONCA 487 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 3096}}{{perONCA|Epstein JA}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Primacy is given to denunciation and deterrence .<ref> | Primacy is given to denunciation and deterrence .<ref> | ||
{{ibid1|Rawn}}{{ | {{ibid1|Rawn}}{{atL|frzp0|45}}<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Grenke|fqrw0|2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII)|537 AR 287}}{{perABQB|Germain J}}{{atL|fqrw0|22}} ("Repeatedly our Canadian courts including our Alberta Court of Appeal have emphasized that the crafting of a fit sentence for this type of motor vehicle offense [dangerous driving causing bodily harm] must focus on denunciation and deterrence") | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
There is an inherent danger in an object such as a motor vehicle moving at high speed in areas where people frequent.<ref> | There is an inherent danger in an object such as a motor vehicle moving at high speed in areas where people frequent.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Field|2fmrc|2011 ABCA 48 (CanLII)|499 AR 178}}{{perABCA|Watson JA}}{{atL|2fmrc|23}} ( “[d]riving a ton of glass and metal through spaces where people can be expected to be present and at a speed where it is likely to be impossible to stop the vehicle in time to avoid calamity cannot be treated as a youthful indiscretion”)</ref> | |||
The regular range for dangerous driving or impaired driving causing bodily harm is between a conditional sentence and two years less a day.<ref> | The regular range for dangerous driving or impaired driving causing bodily harm is between a conditional sentence and two years less a day.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Puyenbroek|1v0gh|2007 ONCA 824 (CanLII)|226 CCC (3d) 289}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}{{atsL|1v0gh|59| to 61}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Line 318: | Line 379: | ||
===Factors=== | ===Factors=== | ||
Section 320. | Section 320.22 sets out aggravating factors: | ||
{{ | {{quotation2| | ||
; Aggravating circumstances for sentencing purposes | ; Aggravating circumstances for sentencing purposes | ||
320.22 A court imposing a sentence for an offence under any of sections 320.13 to 320.18 [''all conveyance offences''] shall consider, in addition to any other aggravating circumstances, the following: | 320.22 A court imposing a sentence for an offence under any of sections 320.13 to 320.18 [''all conveyance offences''] shall consider, in addition to any other aggravating circumstances, the following: | ||
Line 330: | Line 391: | ||
:(g) the offender was not permitted, under a federal or provincial Act, to operate the conveyance. | :(g) the offender was not permitted, under a federal or provincial Act, to operate the conveyance. | ||
2018, c. 21, s. 15. | {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 15. | ||
| | |{{CCCSec2|320.22}} | ||
|{{NoteUp|320.22}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
The court-established aggravating factors to consider include:<ref> | The court-established aggravating factors to consider include:<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRx|Bennett|1r3vt|2007 CanLII 11290 (NL PC)}}{{perNLPC|Gorman J}} citing {{UKCase|R v Cooksley|, [2004] 1 Cr App(S) 1}}{{at-|15}}</ref> | |||
#the consumption of drugs (including legal medication known to cause drowsiness) or of alcohol, ranging from a couple of drinks to a “motorised pub crawl”; | #the consumption of drugs (including legal medication known to cause drowsiness) or of alcohol, ranging from a couple of drinks to a “motorised pub crawl”; | ||
#greatly excessive speed; racing; competitive driving against another vehicle; “showing off'”; | #greatly excessive speed; racing; competitive driving against another vehicle; “showing off'”; | ||
Line 353: | Line 416: | ||
# dangerous driving while in a residential area or in area where people frequent. | # dangerous driving while in a residential area or in area where people frequent. | ||
Potential mitigating factors include: <ref>{{ibid1|Cooksley}}{{at|15}}</ref> | Potential mitigating factors include: <ref> | ||
{{ibid1|Cooksley}}{{at-|15}}</ref> | |||
#a good driving record; | #a good driving record; | ||
#the absence of previous convictions; | #the absence of previous convictions; | ||
Line 367: | Line 431: | ||
In Alberta, the period of incarceration for motor vehicle offence causing death or injury is usually between 3 to 4 years.<ref> | In Alberta, the period of incarceration for motor vehicle offence causing death or injury is usually between 3 to 4 years.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Grenke|fqrw0|2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII)|537 AR 287}}{{perABQB|Germain J}}{{atL|fqrw0|22}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Line 377: | Line 441: | ||
{{AOrderHeader}} | {{AOrderHeader}} | ||
{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] |s. | {{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] |s. 320.13(1), (2) or (3) | | ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. | * {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. [X]}} | ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. | * {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. [X] }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| [[Driving Prohibition Orders]] ||s. | | [[Driving Prohibition Orders]] ||s. 320.13(1), (2) or (3) || | ||
* if under | * if under [X], (2): Max 3 years / Min. 1 year (1st time), 2 years (2nd time), 3 years (3rd time) | ||
* if under | * if under [X], (4): Max 10 years | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] ||s. | | [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] ||s. [X] || | ||
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. | * {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. [X] }} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Forfeiture of Offence-related Property|Forfeiture of Vehicle]] || || | | [[Forfeiture of Offence-related Property|Forfeiture of Vehicle]] || || | ||
Line 397: | Line 461: | ||
; General Forfeiture Orders | ; General Forfeiture Orders | ||
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}} | {{GeneralForfeitureOrders}} | ||
==Record Suspensions and Pardons== | |||
{{RecordSuspension|s. 320.13(1), (2) or (3) }} | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Until December 18, 2018, the relevant section was s. 249, which read: | Until December 18, 2018, the relevant section was s. 249, which read: | ||
{{ | {{quotation1| | ||
; Dangerous operation of motor vehicles, vessels and aircraft | ; Dangerous operation of motor vehicles, vessels and aircraft | ||
249 | 249 (1) Every one commits an offence who operates | ||
:(a) a motor vehicle in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated and the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place; | :(a) a motor vehicle in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated and the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place; | ||
:(b) a vessel or any water skis, surf-board, water sled or other towed object on or over any of the internal waters of Canada or the territorial sea of Canada, in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature and condition of those waters or sea and the use that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be made of those waters or sea; | :(b) a vessel or any water skis, surf-board, water sled or other towed object on or over any of the internal waters of Canada or the territorial sea of Canada, in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature and condition of those waters or sea and the use that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be made of those waters or sea; | ||
Line 420: | Line 487: | ||
(4) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes the death of any other person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. | (4) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes the death of any other person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 249; | R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 249; | ||
R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 36, c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 57; | R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 36, c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 57; | ||
1994, c. 44, s. 11. | {{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 11. | ||
|[http://canlii.ca/t/53gxz#sec259 CCC] | |[http://canlii.ca/t/53gxz#sec259 CCC] | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 430: | Line 497: | ||
Section 249.4 was entirely repealed December 18, 2018. It previously read: | Section 249.4 was entirely repealed December 18, 2018. It previously read: | ||
{{ | {{quotation1| | ||
; Dangerous operation of motor vehicle while street racing | ; Dangerous operation of motor vehicle while street racing | ||
249.4 (1) Everyone commits an offence who, while street racing, operates a motor vehicle in a manner described in paragraph 249(1)(a). | 249.4 (1) Everyone commits an offence who, while street racing, operates a motor vehicle in a manner described in paragraph 249(1)(a). | ||
Line 445: | Line 512: | ||
(4) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes the death of another person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life. | (4) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes the death of another person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
2006, c. 14, s. 2. | {{LegHistory00s|2006, c. 14}}, s. 2. | ||
| | |{{CCCSec2|249.4}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 460: | Line 527: | ||
{{OffencesNavBar/MotorVehicles}} | {{OffencesNavBar/MotorVehicles}} | ||
{{OffencesNavBar/Homicide}} | {{OffencesNavBar/Homicide}} | ||
Latest revision as of 12:12, 21 August 2024
This page was last substantively updated or reviewed January 2021. (Rev. # 96193) |
Dangerous Operation of a Motor Vehicle | |
---|---|
s. 320.13(1), (2) and (3) of the Crim. Code | |
Election / Plea | |
Crown Election | Indictment (death) Hybrid (other than death) summary proceedings must initiate within 12 months of the offence (786(2)) |
Jurisdiction | Prov. Court Sup. Court w/ Jury (*) |
Summary Dispositions | |
Avail. Disp. |
|
Minimum | $1,000 fine or 30/120 days jail |
Maximum | 2 years less a day |
Indictable Dispositions | |
Avail. Disp. |
|
Minimum | $1,000 fine or 30/120 days jail |
Maximum | 10, 14 years incarceration or Life |
Reference | |
Offence Elements Sentence Digests |
Overview
Offences relating to dangerous operation of a motor vehicle are found in Part VIII.1 of the Criminal Code concerning "Offences Relating to Conveyances".
- Pleadings
Offence Section |
Offence Type |
Crown Election | Defence Election s. 536(2) |
Preliminary Inquiry |
---|---|---|---|---|
s. 320.13(1) [dangerous op. - no bodily harm or death] | Hybrid Offence(s) | (* only if Crown proceeds by Indictment) | (under 14 years max) | |
s. 320.13(2) [dangerous op. - cause bodily harm] | Hybrid Offence(s) | (* only if Crown proceeds by Indictment) | (14 years max) | |
s. 320.13(3) [dangerous op. - cause death] | Indictable Offence(s) | (life max) |
Offences under s. 320.13(1) [dangerous op. - no bodily harm or death] or (2) [dangerous op. - cause bodily harm] are hybrid with a Crown election. If prosecuted by indictment, there is a Defence election of Court under s. 536(2).
Offences under s. 320.13(3) [dangerous op. - cause death] are straight indictable. There is a Defence election of Court under s. 536(2).
- Release
Offence(s) | Appearance Notice by Peace Officer s. 497 |
Summons by Judge or Justice s. 508(1), 512(1), or 788 |
Release by Peace Officer on Undertaking s. 498, 499, and 501 |
Release By a Judge or Justice on a Release Order s. 515 to 519 |
Direct to Attend for Fingerprints, etc. Identification of Criminals Act s. 2 ID Crim. Act |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. 320.13(1) [dangerous op. - no bodily harm or death] | |||||
s. 320.13(2) [dangerous op. - cause bodily harm] or (3) [dangerous op. - cause death] |
When charged under s. 320.13(1), the accused can be given an appearance notice without arrest under s. 497 or a summons. If arrested, he can be released by the arresting officer under s. 498 or 499 on an undertaking with or without conditions. He can also be released by a justice under s. 515.
When charged under s. 320.13(2) or (3), the accused can be given a judicial summons without arrest. If arrested, he can be released by the arresting officer under s. 498 or 499 on an undertaking with or without conditions. He can also be released by a justice under s. 515.
- Reverse Onus Bail
If police decide to bring the accused before a Justice pursuant to s. 503, there will be a presumption against bail (i.e. a reverse onus) if the offence, prosecuted by indictment, was committed:
- while at large under s. 515 [bail release], 679 or 680 [release pending appeal or review of appeal] (s. 515(6)(a)(i));
- "for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association" with a criminal organization (s. 515(6)(a)(ii));
- where the offence involved a weapon, being a firearm, cross-bow, prohibited weapon restricted weapon, prohibited device, ammunition, prohibited ammunition or explosive substance, while the accused was subject to a prohibition order preventing possession of these items (s. 515(6)(a)(viii)); or
- where the accused is not "ordinarily a resident in Canada" (s. 515(6)(b)).
And, regardless of Crown election, if the offence alleged was one:
- where the offence was an allegation of violence against an "intimate partner" and the accused had been previously convicted of an offence of violence against an "intimate partner" (s. 515(6)(b.1));
- where the offence alleged is a breach under s. 145(2) to (5) while (s. 515(6)(c));
- where the offence committed (or conspired to commit) was an offence under s. 5 to 7 of the CDSA that is punishable by life imprisonment (s. 515(6)(d));
- Fingerprints and Photos
A peace officer who charges a person under s. 320.13 of the Code can require that person to attend for the taking of fingerprints, photographs or other similar recordings that are used to identify them under the Identification of Criminals Act.
- Publication Bans
For all criminal or regulatory prosecutions, there is a discretionary general publication ban available on application of the Crown, victim or witness to prohibit the publishing of "any information that could identify the victim or witness" under s. 486.5(1) where it is "necessary" for the "proper administration of justice". Other available publication bans include prohibitions for publishing evidence or other information arising from a bail hearing (s. 517), preliminary inquiry (s. 539) or jury trial (s. 648). There is a mandatory publication ban in all youth prosecutions on information tending to identify young accused under s. 110 of the YCJA or young victims under s. 111 of the YCJA.
- Offence Designations
Offence(s) | Wiretap Eligible s. 183 |
Dangerous Offender Designated Offence s. 752 |
Serious Personal Injury Offence s. 752 |
AG Consent Required | Serious Criminality Offence s. 36 IRPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. 320.13(1) | (Indictment) | ||||
s. 320.13(2) or (3) |
Offences under s. 320.13(2) or (3) are designated "serious personal injury" offences under s. 752(a) only if it has a maximum penalty of 10 years incarceration or more and involves "use or attempted use of violence against another person" or "conduct endangering or likely to endanger the life or safety of another person or inflicting or likely to inflict severe psychological damage on another person".
See below in Ancillary Sentencing Orders for details on designations relating to sentencing orders.
Offence Wording
- Dangerous operation
320.13 (1) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public.
- Operation causing bodily harm
(2) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public and, as a result, causes bodily harm to another person.
- Operation causing death
(3) Everyone commits an offence who operates a conveyance in a manner that, having regard to all of the circumstances, is dangerous to the public and, as a result, causes the death of another person.
2018, c. 21, s. 15
- Punishment
320.19
[omitted (1), (2), (3) and (4)]
- Punishment — dangerous operation and other offences
(5) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(1) [dangerous operation] or 320.16(1) [failure to stop after accident], section 320.17 [flight from peace officer] or subsection 320.18(1) [operation while prohibited] is liable
- (a) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or
- (b) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day.
2018, c. 21, s. 15.
- Punishment in case of bodily harm
320.2 Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(2) [dangerous operation causing bodily harm[1]], 320.14(2) [impaired operation causing bodily harm], 320.15(2) [refusal where collision results in bodily harm] or 320.16(2) [fail to stop at accident resulting in bodily harm] is liable on conviction on indictment or on summary conviction
- (a) to the following minimum punishment, namely,
- (i) for a first offence, a fine of $1,000,
- (ii) for a second offence, imprisonment for a term of 30 days, and
- (iii) for each subsequent offence, imprisonment for a term of 120 days;
- (b) if the offence is prosecuted by indictment, to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years; and
- (c) if the offence is punishable on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day.
2018, c. 21, s. 15.
- Punishment in case of death
320.21 Everyone who commits an offence under subsection 320.13(3) [dangerous operation causing death[2]], 320.14(3) [impaired operation causing death], 320.15(3) [refusal where collision results in death] or 320.16(3) [fail to stop at accident resulting in death] is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of,
- (a) for a first offence, a fine of $1,000;
- (b) for a second offence, imprisonment for a term of 30 days; and
- (c) for each subsequent offence, imprisonment for a term of 120 days.
2018, c. 21, s. 15.
Draft Form of Charges
Pre-ambles | ||
---|---|---|
"THAT [accused full name] stands charged that, between the <DATE> day of <MONTH>, <YEAR> and <DATE> day of <MONTH>, <YEAR>***, at or near <COMMUNITY/TOWN/CITY>, <PROVINCE>, he [or she]..." OR | ||
"THAT [accused full name] stands charged that, on or about the <DATE> day of <MONTH>, <YEAR>, at or near <COMMUNITY/TOWN/CITY>, <PROVINCE>, he [or she]..." OR | ||
"AND FURTHER at the same time and place aforesaid, he [or she]..." | ||
Code Section | Subject of Offence | Draft Wording |
"..., contrary to section 320.19(5) of the Criminal Code. | ||
"..., contrary to section 320.2 of the Criminal Code. | ||
"..., contrary to section 320.21 of the Criminal Code. |
Proof of the Offence
Proving dangerous operation of a motor vehicle under s. 320.13(1) should include:
|
Proving dangerous operation of a motor vehicle under s. 320.2 should include:
Proving dangerous operation of a motor vehicle under s. 320.21 should include:
|
Interpretation of the Offence
Proving the operation of the vehicle where there are no first-hand observers of the accused driving, can be determined through inference by the officer touching the hood of the car to detect recent operation of the vehicle and observing the accused in the vicinity.
This is an objective fault offence.[3]
- Purpose
The purpose of criminalizing dangerous driving is to "capture any circumstances that enhance the dangerousness to the public of the manner of driving."[4]
- Definitions
Section 2 defines "motor vehicle", "bodily harm", and "railway equipment". Section 214 defines "aircraft", "vessel", and "operates".
- Constitutionality
The offence under s. 320.13(1) does not violate s. 7 of the Charter for vagueness.[5]
- ↑ Found elsewhere in this same page.
- ↑ Found elsewhere in this same page.
- ↑ R v Heth-Klems, 2023 BCCA 246 (CanLII), per Fitch JA, at para 25
- ↑ R v Bradley, 2020 ONCA 206 (CanLII), per curiam, at para 7 ("Section 249(1) uses the term “including” to make clear that the expressed illustrations are not exhaustive. Both the natural meaning of the phrase, “a manner that is dangerous to the public”, and the purpose of the provision of criminalizing dangerous driving, capture any circumstances that enhance the dangerousness to the public of the manner of driving")
- ↑ R v Demeyer, 1986 ABCA 104 (CanLII), 27 CCC (3d) 575, per Laycraft CJ - applying to s. 249(1)(a)
Actus Reus
Actus reus of the offence:
- The trier of fact must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that, viewed objectively, the accused was, in the words of the section, driving in a manner that was "dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated and the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place."[1]
There must be a "marked departure" from the standard of a reasonable person[2]
The focus of analysis is upon the "risks created by the accused’s manner of driving, not the consequences."[3]
The judge must make "meaningful inquiry into the manner of driving."[4] This could include such considerations as: [5]
- the traffic conditions at the time;
- the accused's speed of travel;
- nature of the road; and
- the weather conditions.
Failure on the part of the judge to inquire into the manner of driving may result in a finding of an unreasonable verdict.[6]
Failure to do so may result
- ↑
R v Beatty, 2008 SCC 5 (CanLII), [2008] 1 SCR 49, per Charron J, at paras 43, 46 and 49
see also R v Settle, 2010 BCCA 426 (CanLII), 261 CCC (3d) 45, per D Smith JA and Bennet JA, at paras 39 to 41 for history of law pre-Beatty - ↑
R v MacGillivray, 1995 CanLII 139 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 890, per Cory J
- ↑
R v Roy, 2012 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2012] 2 SCR 60, per Cromwell J, at para 34
- ↑ Roy, ibid., at para 34
- ↑
R v Zaba, 2016 ONCA 167 (CanLII), 336 CCC (3d) 91, per Huscroft JA
- ↑ e.g. Zaba, ibid.
Mens Rea
The mens rea has been established is stated as follows:
- The trier of fact must also be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused’s objectively dangerous conduct was accompanied by the required mens rea. In making the objective assessment, the trier of fact should be satisfied on the basis of all the evidence, including evidence about the accused’s actual state of mind, if any, that the conduct amounted to a marked departure from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the accused’s circumstances. Moreover, if an explanation is offered by the accused, then in order to convict, the trier of fact must be satisfied that a reasonable person in similar circumstances ought to have been aware of the risk and of the danger involved in the conduct manifested by the accused.[1]
- ↑ Beatty, supra
Factors
Personal attributes such as age, experience driving and education are generally not relevant.[1] However, they may be relevant where the accused's personal attributes go to the accused's ability to appreciate or avoid risk.[2]
Falling asleep at wheel is not necessarily a criminal offence.[3] In fact, what the vehicle does after the accused falls asleep cannot be attributed as part of the dangerous driving but rather only as a consequence to the initial conscious driving.[4]
Depending on the circumstances, speed alone can amount to a "marked departure" from the standard of care of a reasonable person.[5]
- ↑ R v Beatty, 2008 SCC 5 (CanLII), [2008] 1 SCR 49, per Charron J
- ↑ R v Roy, 2012 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2012] 2 SCR 60, per Cromwell J
- ↑ R v Chan, 2009 ONCJ 598 (CanLII), per Hogan J
- ↑ e.g. R v Jiang, 2007 BCCA 270 (CanLII), 220 CCC (3d) 55, per Smith JA
- ↑
R v BJC, 2008 ABCA 331 (CanLII), per Ritter JA
R v Richards, 2003 CanLII 48437 (ON CA), 174 CCC (3d) 154, per curiam
Other Issues
- Sleeping Driver
A driver who is sleeping "is not driving of his or her own volition and acts committed while in that automatic state of mind cannot form the actus reus of dangerous driving."[1]
If the sleeping driver was consciously "embarking on driving or in continuing to drive in the face of a real risk of falling asleep" then the offence can be made out.[2] There must still be a marked departure from the standard of a reasonable person.[3]
- Evidence of Alcohol Consumption
The Court may consider evidence of consumption of alcohol even where the accused was acquitted for impaired driving.[4]
- ↑
R v Jiang, 2007 BCCA 270 (CanLII), 220 CCC (3d) 55, per Smith JA, at para 17
- ↑ Jiang
- ↑ R v Roberts, 2009 BCSC 146 (CanLII), per Meiklem J
- ↑ R v Settle, 2010 BCCA 426 (CanLII), 261 CCC (3d) 45, per D Smith JA and Bennett JA - denies claim of issue estoppel
Causes Bodily Harm or Death
Participation of Third Parties
- Testimonial Aids
Certain persons who testify are entitled to make application for the use of testimonial aids: Exclusion of Public (s. 486), Use of a Testimonial Screen (s. 486), Access to Support Person While Testifying (s. 486.1), Close Proximity Video-link Testimony (s. 486.2), Self-Represented Cross-Examination Prohibition Order (s. 486.3), and Witness Security Order (s. 486.7).
A witness, victim or complainant may also request publication bans (s. 486.4, 486.5) and/or a Witness Identity Non-disclosure Order (s. 486.31). See also, Publication Bans, above.
- On Finding of Guilt
For serious personal injury offences or murder, s. 606(4.1) requires that after accepting a guilty plea, the judge must inquire whether "any of the victims had advised the prosecutor of their desire to be informed if such an agreement were entered into, and, if so, whether reasonable steps were taken to inform that victim of the agreement". Failing to take reasonable steps at guilty plea requires the prosecutor to "as soon as feasible, take reasonable steps to inform the victim of the agreement and the acceptance of the plea" (s. 606(4.3)).
For any indictable offence with a maximum penalty no less than 5 years (including offences under s. 259(2)), but are not serious personal injury offences, s. 606(4.2) requires that after accepting a guilty plea, the judge must inquire whether "any of the victims had advised the prosecutor of their desire to be informed if such an agreement were entered into, and, if so, whether reasonable steps were taken to inform that victim of the agreement". Failing to take reasonable steps at guilty plea requires the prosecutor to "as soon as feasible, take reasonable steps to inform the victim of the agreement and the acceptance of the plea" (s. 606(4.3)).
Under s. 738, a judge must inquire from the Crown before sentencing whether "reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victims with an opportunity to indicate whether they are seeking restitution for their losses and damages".
Under s. 722(2), the judge must inquire "[a]s soon as feasible" before sentencing with the Crown "if reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victim with an opportunity to prepare" a victim impact statement. This will include any person "who has suffered, or is alleged to have suffered, physical or emotional harm, property damage or economic loss" as a result of the offence. Individuals representing a community impacted by the crime may file a statement under s. 722.2.
Sentencing Principles and Ranges
- Maximum Penalties
Offence(s) | Crown Election |
Maximum Penalty |
---|---|---|
s. 320.13(1) [dangerous op. - no bodily harm or death] | summary election | 2 years less a day jail and/or a $5,000 fine (from Sept 19, 2019) |
s. 320.13(1) [dangerous op. - no bodily harm or death] | indictable election | 5 years incarceration |
s. 320.13(2) [dangerous op. - cause bodily harm] | N/A | 14 years incarceration |
s. 320.13(3) [dangerous op. - cause death] | N/A | life incarceration |
Offences under s. 320.13(1) are hybrid. If prosecuted by indictment, the maximum penalty is 5 years incarceration. If prosecuted by summary conviction, the maximum penalty is 2 years less a day jail and/or a $5,000 fine (from Sept 19, 2019) .
Offences under s. 320.13(2) or (3) are straight indictable. The maximum penalty is 14 years incarceration under s. 320.13(2) or life incarceration under s. 320.13(3).
- Minimum Penalties
These offences have no mandatory minimum penalties.
- Available Dispositions
Offence(s) | Crown Election |
Discharge s. 730 |
Suspended Sentence s. 731(1)(a) |
Stand-alone Fine s. 731(1)(b) |
Custody s. 718.3, 787 |
Custody and Probation s. 731(1)(b) |
Custody and Fine s. 734 |
Conditional Sentence (CSO) s. 742.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. 320.13(1) | any | |||||||
s. 320.13(2) or (3) | N/A |
For offences under s. 320.13(1) , all dispositions are available. The judge may order a discharge (s. 730), suspended sentence (s. 731(1)(a)), fine (s. 731(1)(b)), custody (s. 718.3, 787), custody with probation (s. 731(1)(b)), custody with a fine (s. 734), or a conditional sentence (s. 742.1).
If convicted under s. 320.13(2) or 320.13(3) a discharge is not available under s. 730(1) as it is "an offence for which a minimum punishment is prescribed by law or an offence punishable by imprisonment for fourteen years or for life".
Offences under s. 320.13(2) or 320.13(3) are ineligible for a conditional sentence order under s. 742.1(c), when prosecuted by indictment, as the maximum period of incarceration is 14 years or life.
- Consecutive Sentences
There are no statutory requirements that the sentences be consecutive.
Principles
The Court’s primary emphasis is placed on general deterrence.[1]
When an offender has a history of improper driving, specific deterrence will be emphasized.[2]
The Dangerous Operation offences are classified as more serious than impair driving and less than criminal negligence.[3]
The sentence must be proportionate to the nature of the harm inflicted. [4]
There must be an emphasis on denunciation and general deterrence, particularly where the consequences are devastating, in order to make clear that these are "true crimes" rather than mere accidents. [5]
In R v Grenke, 2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII), [2012] AJ No 323 (QB), per Germain J, a number of principles have been set out:
- while jail sentences of less than two years exist, appeals taken from these sentences often result in the sentence being increased to a three to four-year range;
- lower or lighter sentences are handed out for dangerous driving causing death or bodily harm where there is any involvement of alcohol or drugs, and the driving pattern is at the lower end of riskiness;
- an early plea of guilt, as a sign of remorse, is often mentioned in lower sentences but I hasten to add that an accused should not be treated more harshly, than the appropriate range of sentence, for exercising their constitutional right to a fair trial;
- where an offender has a previous record that involves drinking and driving or other dangerous tendencies relating to the rules of the road, sentences tend to be harsher;
- where an offender is a youthful and less experienced driver, more emphasis may be placed on rehabilitation and less on punishment and deterrence; and
- where there are multiple convictions the courts should ensure that no one gets a free crime simply because one offence is eclipsed with a more serious one, but, in total and globally the sentence should not be excessive; the sentencing levers of consecutive and concurrent sentences may be used to ensure that, globally, the sentence is appropriate.
- ↑
R v Fox, 2001 ABCA 64 (CanLII), 277 AR 298, per curiam, at para 27 ("We agree that denunciation and deterrence are principal objectives in a case of this nature. However, the rehabilitation of the offender must also be considered.")
R v Hindes, 2000 ABCA 197 (CanLII), 225 WAC 108, per curiam, at para 43 (In reference to the law as it was then relating to conditional sentences: "While the offence is one which calls for deterrence and denunciation we do not exclude the consideration of a conditional sentence.")
R v Reynolds, 2016 SKQB 21 (CanLII), 94 MVR (6th) 195, per Acton J, at para 24 ("Members of the public must be deterred from driving dangerously, particularly in less than ideal conditions, which put other members of the public at danger of injury or death, even though they may be driving in a defensive and completely appropriate manner")
R v Grenke, 2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII), 537 AR 287, per Germain J, at para 22 ("Repeatedly our Canadian courts including our Alberta Court of Appeal have emphasized that the crafting of a fit sentence for this type of motor vehicle offence [of dangerous driving causing bodily harm] must focus on denunciation and deterrence") - ↑
see R v Squires, 1995 CanLII 9848 (NL CA), [1995] NJ No 157 (CA), per Gushue JA
R v Strickland, [1997] NJ No 398 (S.C.) (*no CanLII links) - ↑ R v Woodward, 1993 CanLII 8183 (NL CA), 109 Nfld & PEIR 240 (NLCA), per Steele JA at 30
- ↑
R v Rhyason, 2007 ABCA 119 (CanLII), [2007] AJ No 372 (CA), per curiam, at para 29 ("[Proportionality] is the fundamental sentencing factor: [citation omitted]. A sentence is to reflect the gravity of the offence and the degree of responsibility of the respondent.")
R v Christink, 2012 ONCA 141 (CanLII), [2012] OJ No 989 (CA), per curiam, at para 5 - ↑ R v Biancofiore, 1997 CanLII 3420 (ON CA), 119 CCC (3d) 344, per Rosenberg JA ("condemnation of these types of offences must be clear and, where the offence has devastating consequences, it must be loud...")
Causing Bodily Harm or Death
Where bodily harm is involved, it is among the more serious of motor vehicle offences as it places the public, including completely innocent bystanders at risk of harm.[1]
Primacy is given to denunciation and deterrence .[2]
There is an inherent danger in an object such as a motor vehicle moving at high speed in areas where people frequent.[3]
The regular range for dangerous driving or impaired driving causing bodily harm is between a conditional sentence and two years less a day.[4]
- ↑
R v McMertry, (1987), 21 OAC 68(*no CanLII links)
, at para 11
R v Rawn, 2012 ONCA 487 (CanLII), [2012] OJ No 3096, per Epstein JA - ↑
Rawn, ibid., at para 45
R v Grenke, 2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII), 537 AR 287, per Germain J, at para 22 ("Repeatedly our Canadian courts including our Alberta Court of Appeal have emphasized that the crafting of a fit sentence for this type of motor vehicle offense [dangerous driving causing bodily harm] must focus on denunciation and deterrence") - ↑ R v Field, 2011 ABCA 48 (CanLII), 499 AR 178, per Watson JA, at para 23 ( “[d]riving a ton of glass and metal through spaces where people can be expected to be present and at a speed where it is likely to be impossible to stop the vehicle in time to avoid calamity cannot be treated as a youthful indiscretion”)
- ↑
R v Puyenbroek, 2007 ONCA 824 (CanLII), 226 CCC (3d) 289, per Feldman JA, at paras 59 to 61
Factors
Section 320.22 sets out aggravating factors:
- Aggravating circumstances for sentencing purposes
320.22 A court imposing a sentence for an offence under any of sections 320.13 to 320.18 [all conveyance offences] shall consider, in addition to any other aggravating circumstances, the following:
- (a) the commission of the offence resulted in bodily harm to, or the death of, more than one person;
- (b) the offender was operating a motor vehicle in a race with at least one other motor vehicle or in a contest of speed, on a street, road or highway or in another public place;
- (c) a person under the age of 16 years was a passenger in the conveyance operated by the offender;
- (d) the offender was being remunerated for operating the conveyance;
- (e) the offender’s blood alcohol concentration at the time of committing the offence was equal to or exceeded 120 mg of alcohol in 100 mL of blood;
- (f) the offender was operating a large motor vehicle; and
- (g) the offender was not permitted, under a federal or provincial Act, to operate the conveyance.
2018, c. 21, s. 15.
The court-established aggravating factors to consider include:[1]
- the consumption of drugs (including legal medication known to cause drowsiness) or of alcohol, ranging from a couple of drinks to a “motorised pub crawl”;
- greatly excessive speed; racing; competitive driving against another vehicle; “showing off'”;
- disregard of warnings from fellow passengers;
- a prolonged, persistent and deliberate course of very bad driving
- aggressive driving (such as driving much too close to the vehicle in front, persistent inappropriate attempts to overtake, or cutting in after overtaking);
- driving while the driver's attention is avoidably distracted, e.g. by reading or by use of a mobile phone (especially if hand-held);
- driving when knowingly suffering from a medical condition which significantly impairs the offender's driving skills;
- driving when knowingly deprived of adequate sleep or rest;
- driving a poorly maintained or dangerously loaded vehicle, especially where this has been motivated by commercial concerns;
- other offences committed at the same time, such as driving without ever having held a licence; driving while disqualified; driving without insurance; driving while a learner without supervision; taking a vehicle without consent; driving a stolen vehicle;
- previous convictions for motoring offences, particularly offences which involve bad driving or the consumption of excessive alcohol before driving;
- more than one person killed as a result of the offence (especially if the offender knowingly put more than one person at risk or the occurrence of multiple deaths was foreseeable);
- serious injury to one or more victims, in addition to the death(s);
- behaviour at the time of the offence, such as failing to stop, falsely claiming that one of the victims was responsible for the crash, or trying to throw the victim off the bonnet of the car by swerving in order to escape;
- causing death in the course of dangerous driving in an attempt to avoid detection or apprehension;
- offence committed while the offender was on bail; and
- dangerous driving while in a residential area or in area where people frequent.
Potential mitigating factors include: [2]
- a good driving record;
- the absence of previous convictions;
- a timely plea of guilty;
- genuine shock or remorse (which may be greater if the victim is either a close relation or a friend);
- the offender's age (but only in cases where lack of driving experience has contributed to the commission of the offence), and
- the fact that the offender has also been seriously injured as a result of the accident caused by the dangerous driving.
- ↑ R v Bennett, 2007 CanLII 11290 (NL PC), per Gorman J citing R v Cooksley , [2004] 1 Cr App(S) 1 (UK), at para 15
- ↑ Cooksley, ibid., at para 15
Ranges
In Alberta, the period of incarceration for motor vehicle offence causing death or injury is usually between 3 to 4 years.[1]
- ↑
R v Grenke, 2012 ABQB 198 (CanLII), 537 AR 287, per Germain J, at para 22
Ancillary Sentencing Orders
- Offence-specific Orders
Order | Conviction | Description |
---|---|---|
DNA Orders | s. 320.13(1), (2) or (3) |
|
Driving Prohibition Orders | s. 320.13(1), (2) or (3) |
|
Delayed Parole Order | s. [X] |
|
Forfeiture of Vehicle |
- General Sentencing Orders
Order | Conviction | Description |
---|---|---|
Non-communication order while offender in custody (s. 743.21) | any | The judge has the discretion to order that the offender be prohibited "from communicating...with any victim, witness or other person" while in custody except where the judge "considers [it] necessary" to communicate with them. |
Restitution Orders (s. 738) | any | A discretionary Order is available for things such as the replacement value of the property; the pecuniary damages incurred from harm, expenses fleeing a domestic partner; or certain expenses arising from the commission of an offence under s.402.2 or 403. |
Victim Fine Surcharge (s. 737) | any | A discretionary surcharge under s. 737 of 30% of any fine order imposed, $100 per summary conviction or $200 per indictable conviction. If the offence occurs on or after October 23, 2013, the order has smaller minimum amounts (15%, $50, or $100). |
- General Forfeiture Orders
Forfeiture | Conviction | Description |
---|---|---|
Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime (s. 462.37(1) or (2.01)) | any | Where there is a finding of guilt for an indictable offence under the Code or the CDSA in which property is "proceeds of crime" and offence was "committed in relation to that property", the property shall be forfeited to His Majesty the King on application of the Crown. NB: does not apply to summary offences. |
Fine in Lieu of Forfeiture (s. 462.37(3)) | any | Where a Court is satisfied an order for the forfeiture of proceeds of crime under s. 462.37(1) or (2.01) can be made, but that property cannot be "made subject to an order", then the Court "may" order a fine in "an amount equal to the value of the property". Failure to pay the fine will result in a default judgement imposing a period of incarceration. |
Forfeiture of Weapons or Firearms (s. 491) | any | Where there is finding of guilt for an offence where a "weapon, an imitation firearm, a prohibited device, any ammunition, any prohibited ammunition or an explosive substance was used in the commission of [the] offence and that thing has been seized and detained", or "that a person has committed an offence that involves, or the subject-matter of which is, a firearm, a cross-bow, a prohibited weapon, a restricted weapon, a prohibited device, ammunition, prohibited ammunition or an explosive substance has been seized and detained, that the item be an enumerated weapon or related item be connected to the offence", then there will be a mandatory forfeiture order. However, under s. 491(2), if the lawful owner "was not a party to the offence" and the judge has "no reasonable grounds to believe that the thing would or might be used in the commission of an offence", then it should be returned to the lawful owner. |
Forfeiture of Offence-related Property (s. 490.1) | any | Where there is a finding of guilt for an indictable offence, "any property is offence-related property" where (a) by means or in respect of which an indictable offence under this Act or the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act is committed, (b) that is used in any manner in connection with the commission of such an offence, or (c) that is intended to be used for committing such an offence". Such property is to be forfeited to Her Majesty in right of the province. NB: does not apply to summary offences. |
Record Suspensions and Pardons
Convictions under s. 320.13(1), (2) or (3) are eligible for record suspensions pursuant to s. 3 and 4 of the Criminal Records Act after 5 years after the expiration of sentence for summary conviction offences and 10 years after the expiration of sentence for all other offences. The offender may not have the record suspended where the offender was (1) convicted of 3 or more offences with a maximum penalty of life, and (2) for each 3 offences he "was sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more".
History
Until December 18, 2018, the relevant section was s. 249, which read:
- Dangerous operation of motor vehicles, vessels and aircraft
249 (1) Every one commits an offence who operates
- (a) a motor vehicle in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature, condition and use of the place at which the motor vehicle is being operated and the amount of traffic that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be at that place;
- (b) a vessel or any water skis, surf-board, water sled or other towed object on or over any of the internal waters of Canada or the territorial sea of Canada, in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature and condition of those waters or sea and the use that at the time is or might reasonably be expected to be made of those waters or sea;
- (c) an aircraft in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature and condition of that aircraft or the place or air space in or through which the aircraft is operated; or
- (d) railway equipment in a manner that is dangerous to the public, having regard to all the circumstances, including the nature and condition of the equipment or the place in or through which the equipment is operated.
- Punishment
(2) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1)
- (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
- (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
- Dangerous operation causing bodily harm
(3) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes bodily harm to any other person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.
- Dangerous operation causing death
(4) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes the death of any other person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 249; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 36, c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 57; 1994, c. 44, s. 11.– CCC
The change in language from s. 249 to 320.13(1) preserved the substance of the offence, but used simpler language.
Section 249.4 was entirely repealed December 18, 2018. It previously read:
- Dangerous operation of motor vehicle while street racing
249.4 (1) Everyone commits an offence who, while street racing, operates a motor vehicle in a manner described in paragraph 249(1)(a).
- Punishment
(2) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1)
- (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
- (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
- Dangerous operation causing bodily harm
(3) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes bodily harm to another person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
- Dangerous operation causing death
(4) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1) and thereby causes the death of another person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.
2006, c. 14, s. 2.
See Also
- Related Offences
- References
|
|
- 2021
- Level Zero
- Criminal Law
- Sentencing
- Offences
- Serious Personal Injury Offences
- 2018, c. 21
- Notice of Settlement to Victim
- Offences Requiring Notice to Victim
- Offences Punishable on Summary Conviction
- Offences with Maximum Penalty of 2 Years Less a Day
- Offences with Maximum Penalty of 5 Years
- Offences with Maximum Penalty of 14 Years
- Offences with Maximum Penalty of Life
- Hybrid Offences
- Straight Indictable Offences
- Offences with No Mandatory Minimum
- Secondary Designated Offences for DNA Orders
- Delayed Parole
- 1985, c. C-46
- 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)
- 1994, c. 44
- 2006, c. 14
- Motor Vehicle Offences
- Homicide Offences